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Video descriptions |
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Document descriptions |
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Physics: “Ratio units” |
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Physics: “Scientific notation”. Scientific notation. How to convert numbers in scientific notation into regular notation, and how to convert numbers in regular notation into scientific notation. How to interpret and compare numbers written in scientific notation. The concept of "orders of magnitude". How to use scientific notation on a calculator. How to do calculations involving scientific notation without a calculator |
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Physics: “One-dimensional
kinematics”. How to solve kinematics problems about
general one-dimensional motion |
Kinematics equations and method |
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Physics: “More on one-dimensional
kinematics”. One-dimensional kinematics. Unit conversion;
metric prefixes. Time, position, displacement,
velocity, acceleration. Vectors vs. scalars; vector
arrows. Using the kinematics equations—a problem. How to do problems with zero acceleration (i.e., constant
velocity). A two-object kinematics problem |
Kinematics equations and method |
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Problems discussed in videos |
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Physics: “Multi-part one-dimensional motion problems”. Multi-part
one-dimensional kinematics problems. A multiple-object kinematics
problem |
Problems discussed in the videos |
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Kinematics equations and method |
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Physics: how to solve kinematics problems about
one-dimensional projectile motion |
Kinematics equations and method |
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Physics: trigonometry--how to break an overall vector into
components, and how to determine an overall vector from its components |
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Physics: how to solve kinematics problems about general
two-dimensional motion |
Kinematics equations and method |
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Physics: “Two-dimensional projectile motion”. Kinematics of
general two-dimensional motion. Two-dimensional projectile motion |
Problems discussed in the videos |
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Kinematics equations and method |
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Physics: “Using |
Mechanics |
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Physics: “Work. Conservation of energy”. Kinetic
energy. Work. Gravitational
potential energy. Total mechanical energy. Conservation of mechanical energy. Spring
potential energy. Conservation of energy problems |
Work and energy |
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Physics: “More on work and conservation of energy”. Kinetic
energy. Work and the work-energy theorem. Conservative and nonconservative
forces. Gravitational potential energy; spring
potential energy. Total mechanical energy.
Net Wnc = ΔE. Conservation of energy problems. A problem in which
mechanical energy is not conserved. |
Work and energy |
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Physics: “Conservation of energy & momentum
problem”. A problem
involving conservation of energy, conservation of momentum, and elastic,
inelastic, and totally inelastic collisions |
Problem discussed in the videos |
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Work and energy |
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Momentum |
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Physics: “Rotational kinematics
and torque”. Rotational kinematics. Angular displacement
(Δθ);
angular velocity (ω); angular acceleration (α). Torque |
Problem discussed in the videos |
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Rotation |
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Physics: “Torque”.
Torque and rotational motion. |
Rotation |
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Physics: “Conservation of energy
with rotation”. Conservation of energy applied to
rotational motion. |
Work and energy |
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Rotation |
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Physics: “Energy, momentum,
torque”. Conservation of momentum, conservation
of energy, |
Work and energy |
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Rotation |
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Physics: “Torque. Statics problems”. Torque. Statics problems |
Rotation |
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Statics |
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Physics: “Statics”.
Translational and rotational equilibrium |
Rotation |
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Physics: “Rotational statics and dynamics problems” |
Problems discussed in the videos |
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Rotation |
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Physics: “Waves and oscillations”.
Period, frequency, angular frequency, wavelength, amplitude. Simple harmonic
motion; springs; conservation of energy. |
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Physics: “Wave motion”. Transverse vs.
longitudinal waves. Wave graphs. Velocity (v) versus frequency (f); frequency
(f) versus angular frequency (ω) |
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Physics: “Fluids—pressure and buoyant force”. Pressure; gauge pressure.
Density. Buoyant force |
Problems discussed in videos |
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Physics: “A buoyant-force problem” |
Problem discussed in the videos |
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Physics: “Ideal gas law. Heat, temperature,
phase”. Pressure; gauge pressure. Ideal gas law. Heat,
temperature, and phase changes; specific heat and heat of transformation |
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Physics: “First Law of Thermodynamics”. First
Law of Thermodynamics; internal energy, heat, work. P-V curves. Special
processes: isobaric (constant pressure); isochoric (constant volume); cyclic;
isothermal (constant temperature); adiabatic (zero heat exchange). State
functions |
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Physics: “Thermodynamic processes”. First Law of Thermodynamics and
thermodynamic processes. Isobaric, isochoric (constant volume), isothermal,
and adiabatic processes. Molar specific heat (C). A problem involving
thermodynamic processes |
Problem discussed in the videos |
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Physics: “Entropy and Second Law of
Thermodynamics”. Entropy and
the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Entropy as a state function. General
formulas for calculating entropy change. How to calculate entropy change for
phase change or temperature change problems. The Second Law of
Thermodynamics; reversible vs. irreversible processes. Entropy change in
isothermal processes, adiabatic processes, and adiabatic free expansions |
Problem discussed in the videos |
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Physics: “Electric field and electric force”. Electric charge. Electric
force; Coulomb’s law. Net electric force from a charge distribution;
the superposition principle. Electric field. Coulomb’s law for electric
field. Net electric field from a charge distribution; the superposition
principle for electric field |
Electric field and force; electric potential and potential
energy |
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Physics: “Coulomb’s law” |
Problem discussed in the videos |
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Physics: “Electric field lines and Gauss's law”. Electric field lines.
Electric flux. Gauss's law. Using Gauss's law to determine the electric field
from charge distributions with spherical symmetry and plane symmetry |
Electric field and force; electric potential and potential
energy |
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Problem discussed in the videos |
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Physics: “Electric potential and potential energy”. Electric potential
energy. Electric potential. Electric potential difference
(“voltage”) and change in electric potential energy |
Electric field and force; electric potential and potential
energy |
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Physics: “Application of Gauss's law to line symmetry”. Using
Gauss's law to determine the electric field from a charge distribution
with line symmetry. Determining the electric potential difference from a nonuniform electric field. |
Problem discussed in the videos |
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Electric field and force; electric potential and potential
energy |
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Physics: “Electric circuits. Resistors”. Electric circuits. Voltage
sources and drops. Current. Current and voltage for circuit elements in
series or parallel. Kirchhoff's loop law; Kirchhoff’s node law.
Resistance. Ohm's law. Equivalent resistance for resistors in series or
parallel |
Electric field and force; electric potential and potential
energy |
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Physics: “A problem involving electric
current” |
Problem discussed in the video |
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Physics: “Adding resistors to electric
circuits”. Adding or dropping resistors to electric circuits, in
series or parallel--effects on equivalent resistance, current, voltage, and
power. |
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Physics: “Magnetic field and force. Right-hand rules”. Right-hand rule for
the direction of the magnetic force on a moving charge; right-hand rule for
the direction of the magnetic force on a current-carrying wire. Magnitude of
the magnetic force on a moving charge; magnitude of the magnetic force on a
current-carrying wire. Right-hand rule for the direction of the magnetic
field from a long straight wire. The magnitude of the magnetic field from a
long straight wire |
Electric field and force; electric potential and potential
energy |
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Magnetic field and force |
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Physics:
“Net magnetic field from current-carrying wires”. Sources
of electric and magnetic fields. Net magnetic field from multiple
current-carrying wires. Magnetic force on a moving charge. Right-hand rules. Circular
trajectory of a charged particle in a magnetic field |
Problem discussed in the videos |
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Electric field and force; electric potential and potential
energy |
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Magnetic field and force |
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Physics: “Balancing electric and magnetic
forces”. Selecting particles of a particular velocity by adjusting
electric and magnetic fields; using the right-hand rule for magnetic force. |
Problem discussed in the videos |
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Physics: “Electromagnetic induction. Faraday's law”. Magnetic
flux. Electromagnetic induction; induced emf;
induced current. Faraday's
law of induction; Lenz's
law. Two problems with changing magnetic field; a problem with changing area |
Electric field and force; electric potential and potential
energy |
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Magnetic field and force |
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Electromagnetic induction |
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Physics: “Capacitors and inductors; RC and RL
circuits”. Behavior of voltage, charge and current over time in
electric circuits with capactors; charging and
discharging RC circuits; the time constant. Behavior of voltage and current
over time in circuits with inductors; RL circuit with battery, and with
battery removed |
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Physics: “Alternating current; RLC circuits”.
Alternating current (AC) circuits. Root-mean-square (rms)
voltage and current. Resistors, capacitors, and inductors in AC circuits; phasor diagrams for resistors, capacitors, and inductors.
Power in AC circuits. Reactance (X); impedance (Z). Resonant frequency. An
RLC circuit problem |
Problems discussed in videos |
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Physics: “Optics of lenses and mirrors”.
Introduction to the optics of lenses and mirrors. Concave, convex, converging,
diverging; real, virtual; upright, inverted, magnified, shrunk. Sign
conventions for focal length, image distance, object distance, magnification.
The lens/mirror equation; the magnification equation. Introduction to ray
tracing. |
Problems discussed in videos |
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Optics |
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Physics: “Lenses and mirrors. Snell’s
law”. Radius of curvature. Plane mirrors; ray tracing. Magnification.
Special cases--object distance = infinity; object distance = f; object
distance = 2f; object distance = 0. Reflection. The speed of light and index
of refraction. Refraction; Snell’s law. |
Problems discussed in videos |
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Optics |
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Physics: “Lenses, mirrors, the eye”. Lenses
and mirrors. Magnification. Ray tracing. Optics of the eye—normal
vision |
Optics |
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Physics: “Lenses, mirrors, reflection,
refraction”. Lenses, mirrors, ray tracing. Reflection.
Refraction; Snell's Law; the index of refraction; n=c/v |
Optics |
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Problem discussed in video (1) |
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Physics: “Huygens’ principle; mirrors; the
eye”. Huygens’ principle. A lens/mirror problem. An eye problem. |
Optics |
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Problems discussed in videos |
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Physics: “Light, lenses, mirrors;
relativity”. Light and waves. Lenses and mirrors. A relativity
problem. |
Optics |
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Problems discussed in videos |
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Physics: “Interference and diffraction”.
"In phase" vs. "out of phase". Constructive vs.
destructive interference. Double-slit interference. Multiple slit
interference / diffraction gratings. Single-slit diffraction; Huygens'
principle. Thin films |
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Physics: “Thin films”. Thin films. Double-slit
interference |
Problems discussed in this video series |
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Physics: “Thin films; the eye; lenses and
mirrors”. A relativity problem. A problem involving the Doppler effect
and diffraction gratings. Thin films. Optics of the eye and of corrective
lenses. Lenses and mirrors |
Problems discussed in this video series |
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Optics |
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Physics: “Intensity of EM waves. Multiple
lenses”. Power, intensity, and radiation pressure from electromagnetic
waves; the Poynting vector. A multiple lens
problem. An eye problem. A contact lens problem |
Problems discussed in this video series |
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Optics |
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Physics: “Polarization. Total internal
reflection”. Polarization of light; the law of Malus.
CDs, DVDs, and the diffraction limit. A glasses problem. Refraction, Snell's
law, total internal reflection. The Brewster (polarizing) angle. |
Problems discussed in this video series |
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Physics: “Intensity. Multiple lenses. Polarization”. Electromagnetic
waves—intensity, power, peak electric and magnetic fields. Ray tracing
for multiple lenses. Polarization. The Brewster (polarizing) angle. A camera
problem. |
Problems discussed in this video series |
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Optics |
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Physics: “De Broglie wavelength. Bohr atom”.
Quantum mechanics--wave/particle duality and quantization. Photons:
wavelength, energy, frequency (E=hf). Electrons and
other particles with mass: de Broglie wavelength, momentum, energy. The Bohr
model of the atom |
Problems discussed in this video series |
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Physics: “De Broglie wavelength. Photon
energy”. Power and intensity of electromagnetic wavefronts.
Blackbody radiation. Photons (E=hf). The de Broglie
wavelength. The Bohr atom |
Problems discussed in this video series |
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Physics: “Photoelectric effect”. Quantum
mechanics. Photoelectric effect. De Broglie wavelength. Heisenberg’s
uncertainty principle. |
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Physics: “Quantum numbers. Intensity,
photons”. Quantum
mechanics. Quantum numbers and the periodic table; allowed quantum numbers.
Problems about intensity, photon energy (E=hf), de
Broglie wavelength, and the Bohr model of the atom. |
Problems discussed in this video series |
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Physics: “Particle in a box. Quantum numbers”.
Quantum mechanics. Infinite square well (“particle in a
box”)—how to calculate probabilities using the wave function;
electron energy-level transitions via photon absorption. Quantum numbers and
the periodic table; allowed quantum numbers |
Problems discussed in this video series |
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Physics: “Some quantum number problems”. Some
quantum number problems, involving possible quantum numbers and ground-state
electron configurations |
Problems discussed in this video series |
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Physics: “Nuclear physics”. Nuclear physics.
Protons, neutrons, and electrons. Mass number (A) and atomic number
(“charge number”, Z); conventional symbolism for nuclei. Alpha,
beta, and gamma particles; alpha, beta, and gamma decay. Mathematics of
radioactive decay; decay constant; half-life. Radioactive dating (carbon-14) |
Problems discussed in this video series |
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Physics: “More nuclear physics”. Nuclear
physics. Protons, neutrons, and electrons. Mass number (A) and atomic number
(“charge number”, Z); conventional symbolism for nuclei. Alpha,
beta, and gamma particles; how decay particles behave in magnetic fields.
Mathematics of radioactive decay; decay constant; half-life. Biological
effects of radiation; rads, RBE (relative
biological effect), rems. |
Problems discussed in this video series |
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Physics: “Mass defect and binding energy”.
Nuclear physics—mass defect and binding energy. |
Table and problem discussed in this video series |
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GENERAL CHEMISTRY |
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Video descriptions |
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Document descriptions |
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Chemistry: “Ratio units” |
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Chemistry: “Scientific notation”. Scientific notation. How to convert numbers in scientific notation into regular notation, and how to convert numbers in regular notation into scientific notation. How to interpret and compare numbers written in scientific notation. The concept of "orders of magnitude". How to use scientific notation on a calculator. How to do calculations involving scientific notation without a calculator |
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Chemistry: “Stoichiometry”. Chemistry: Stoichiometry. Converting between grams and moles. The mole; Avogadro's number. Converting between moles and molecules. Converting between grams of one molecule and grams of another molecule, using the stoichiometric coefficients from the balanced chemical equation |
Sources of equivalence statements |
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Chemistry: “Stoichiometry.
Atoms, molecules, moles”. Stoichiometry. Atoms and molecules. Unit conversion, metric
prefixes, equivalence statements. Atomic mass unit (amu),
mole, Avogadro's number, molar mass. Converting between grams and moles;
converting between grams and atoms or molecules |
Problem discussed in the videos |
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Conversion factors discussed in the videos |
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Sources of equivalence statements |
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Chemistry: “Stoichiometry. ICE tables. Limiting reagent”. Stoichiometry. Balancing chemical equations.
Initial-change-end (ICE) tables. Using stoichiometric
calculations to determine the amounts of reactants and products. Limiting
reagent |
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Chemistry: “Stoichiometry
problems”. Stoichiometry
problems. Atomic mass of naturally occurring isotopes. “Mixture
problems” |
Problems discussed in the videos |
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Chemistry: “Mass spectrometry problems”.
Stoichiometry problems involving mass spectrometry |
Problems discussed in the videos |
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Chemistry: “Heat, temperature, and phase change”. Heat, temperature, and phase change. Specific heat. Heat of fusion and heat of vaporization |
Table of specific heats |
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Table of heats of fusion and vaporization |
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Chemistry: “Calorimetry”. Calorimetry. Specific heat and heat capacity. Bomb calorimetry. Coffee-cup calorimetry |
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Chemistry: "Colligative
properties". Colligative properties.
Boiling point elevation. Freezing point depression. Vapor pressure lowering; Raoult's law. Osmotic pressure |
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Chemistry: “Chemical bonding: energy vs. distance
graph”. Graph of energy vs. internuclear
distance; chemical bonding, bond length, and bond energy |
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Chemistry: “Equilibrium. Le Châtelier’s
Principle”. Chemical equilibrium. Reaction quotient (Q).
Equilibrium constant (K). Le Châtelier’s
principle |
Equilibrium and completion reactions |
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Chemistry:
“Acids and bases. Calculating pH. Titrations”. Acids and
bases. Calculating pH and pOH. Water autoionization; water ion-product constant (Kw). Acid dissociation constant (Ka).
Buffer solutions; Henderson-Hasselbach equation.
Titrations; equivalence point; half-equivalence point |
Types of acid/base problems |
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Problems discussed in the videos |
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Chemistry: “Buffer solutions.
Logarithms”. Qualitative introduction to buffer solutions
(acid/base chemistry). How to approximate logarithms and pHs without a calculator. |
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Chemistry: “Buffers. The Henderson-Hasselbach equation”. How to solve quantitative problems about buffer
solutions using the Henderson-Hasselbach equation
(acid/base chemistry) |
Problem discussed in the videos |
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Chemistry: “Calculating pH for acid-base
titrations”. Calculating pH at various points on a titration
curve. Titration of a strong acid with a strong base--vertical intercept;
left of equivalence point; equivalence point; right of equivalence point.
Titration of a weak acid with a strong base—vertical intercept;
half-equivalence point; equivalence point; right of equivalence point. How to
do titration calculations without a calculator |
Types of acid/base problems |
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Chemistry: “Solubility product (Ksp) and molar
solubility”. Dissolution and precipitation reactions. Solubility
product (Ksp) and ion product (Q).
Application of ICE tables to dissolution reactions. Molar solubility. How to
find the solubility from the Ksp; how to
find the Ksp from the solubility. Common
ion effect |
Solubility |
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Chemistry: “Photoelectric effect”. Energy, frequency, and wavelength of
photons. Photoelectric effect |
Problems discussed in the videos |
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Chemistry: “Bohr model problems”.
Problems involving the Bohr model of electronic transitions for the hydrogen atom
and other one-electron species |
Problems discussed in the videos |
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Chemistry: “Quantum numbers” |
Problems discussed in the videos |
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Chemistry: “Kinetics--rate laws from experimental
data”. Chemical kinetics. Determining the rate law from experimental
data through the method of initial rates. Exponents, rate constant, units for
the rate constant. Order of the reaction |
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Chemistry: “Differential and integrated rate laws”. Chemical kinetics.
Differential rate laws. Method of initial rates. Rate constant; order of the
reaction. Zero-order, first-order, and second-order integrated rate laws. |
Problems discussed in the videos |
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Table discussed in the videos |
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Chemistry: “Chemical kinetics. Reaction
mechanisms”. Chemical
kinetics. Reaction mechanisms. Elementary steps; molecularity
(unimolecular, bimolecular, termolecular).
Rate laws for the overall reaction and for elementary steps. Rate-determining
step. Mechanisms with slow first steps. Mechanisms with fast forward and
reverse first steps |
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Chemistry: “Arrhenius equation. Activation
energy”. Chemical
kinetics. Arrhenius equation. Logarithms. Activation energy. Reaction energy
diagram. Transition state. Catalysis |
Logarithm properties |
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Chemistry: “Balancing redox reactions”.
Electrochemistry. Oxidation and reduction. Oxidizing agent and reducing
agent. Oxidation number, also known as oxidation state. Balancing
oxidation-reduction reactions, also known as redox
reactions, using the half-reaction method in acidic and basic solutions |
Redox reactions |
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Chemistry: “Electrochemistry and electrochemical
cells”. Electrochemistry and electrochemical cells. Oxidation and
reduction; oxidizing agents vs. reducing agents. Galvanic/voltaic cells. Cathode,
anode. Free energy and cell potential. Half-reactions; reduction potentials,
oxidation potentials. Salt bridge. Calculating cell potential. Faraday's constant. Work. Equilibrium
constant. Nernst equation. Electrolytic cells |
Problem discussed in the videos |
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Table discussed in the videos |
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Chemistry: “More on electrochemical
cells”. Electrochemistry and electrochemical cells. Anode vs. cathode;
oxidation vs. reduction; reduction potentials, oxidation potentials, and cell
potentials; electron flow; positive and negative electrodes for galvanic vs.
electrolytic cells |
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Chemistry: “Molecular orbital model”. Molecular orbital model of covalent
bonding. Molecular orbital (MO) energy-level diagrams. Sigma and pi molecular
orbitals; bonding and antibonding
molecular orbitals; bond order; paramagnetism
and diamagnetism. Bonding in homonuclear and heteronuclear diatomic molecules |
Figure discussed in the videos |
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Chemistry: “Transition metals and isomerism”. Transition metals and
isomerism. Transition metal electron configurations for neutral atoms and cations. Coordination compounds; oxidation number and
coordination number. Coordination isomers; linkage isomers. Structural
isomers vs. stereoisomers. Geometric isomers. Optical isomers |
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Chemistry: “More on transition metals and isomerism”. Transition metals and coordination
compounds. Electron configurations for neutral and cation
transition metals. Coordination number; oxidation number. Bidentate
ligands; ethylenediamine
(“en”). Complex ion geometries (octahedral, square planar,
tetrahedral, linear). Isomerism. Geometric isomers; cis
and trans. Optical isomers; enantiomers. |
Tables discussed in the videos |
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Chemistry: “Nomenclature for coordination compounds”. Nomenclature for
transition metal coordination compounds |
Tables discussed in the videos |
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Chemistry: “Transition metals and the crystal field model”. Transition
metals and the crystal field model. Strong-field case and weak-field case;
low-spin case and high-spin case; paramagnetism and
diamagnetism; spectrochemical series; colors of
complex ions. The localized electron model of bonding in complex ions, also
known as the valence bond model |
Figures discussed in the videos |
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Chemistry: “Kinetics of radioactive decay.
Half-life”. Nuclear
chemistry. Kinetics of radioactive decay. Decay constant; rate of decay
(“activity”). Half-life. Integrated rate law for radioactive
decay and other key equations |
Problems discussed in the videos |
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Nuclear chemistry |
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Logarithm properties |
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Chemistry: “Nuclear chemistry. Binding energy”. Nuclear chemistry.
Atomic number, mass number. Mass defect and binding energy |
Nuclear chemistry |
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Chemistry: “IUPAC alkane
nomenclature”. Introductory organic chemistry topics from the
perspective of a general chemistry course. IUPAC alkane nomenclature. Bond-line notation. How to draw
all the structural isomers of a compound. Common names for branched substituents: isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl. Naming cyclic alkanes |
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY |
I receive a referral fee for any items purchased via this link. |
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Video descriptions |
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Document descriptions |
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Organic chemistry: “Introduction to drawing resonance
structures”. How to draw resonance structures. |
Resonance structures |
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Organic chemistry: “How to draw
resonance structures”. The meaning of resonance. The purpose of
resonance is to determine the locations of the charges. How to interpret
electron-pushing arrows. Rules for drawing legal and significant resonance
structures. |
Resonance structures |
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Organic chemistry: “Orbital hybridization. Sigma and pi bonds”. Hybridization
of atomic orbitals: sp3, sp2,
and sp hybridizations. Sigma vs. pi bonds. |
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Organic chemistry: “IUPAC alkane nomenclature”. IUPAC alkane nomenclature. Bond-line notation. How to
draw all the structural isomers of a compound. Common names for branched substituents (isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl). Naming cyclic alkanes |
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Organic chemistry: “IUPAC nomenclature for branched substituents” |
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Organic chemistry: “R and S naming” |
Stereochemistry |
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Organic chemistry: “R and S naming
problems”. |
Stereochemistry |
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Organic chemistry:
“Stereochemistry”. Stereochemistry. Chiral carbons
("stereocenters") vs. chiral molecules. Meso molecules. Enantiomers
and diastereomers. R and S naming |
Stereochemistry |
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Organic chemistry: “Stereochemistry and meso
molecules” |
Stereochemistry |
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Organic chemistry:
“Electron-pushing arrows”. How to use
electron-pushing arrows, also known as “curved arrows,” to draw
intermediates and products in reaction mechanisms. |
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Organic chemistry: more on electron-pushing arrows |
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Organic chemistry: SN2 and SN1 reactions |
Reactivity and arrow-pushing |
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SN2, SN1, E2, E1 |
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Organic chemistry: “SN2—‘ionically bonded’ nucleophiles”.
How to use electron-pushing arrows and numbering to draw the product of an SN2
reaction. How to recognize “ionically
bonded” nucleophiles. |
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Organic chemistry: Three types of SN2 reaction |
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Organic chemistry: “SN2, SN1,
E2, and E1 reactions” |
Reactivity and arrow-pushing |
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SN2, SN1, E2, E1 (these revised handouts differ somewhat from the older
versions discussed in the videos) |
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Organic chemistry: “E2
reactions”. Introduction to the E2 mechanism. E2
stereochemistry--cis vs. trans, determined by anti-periplanar transition state. Protic
vs. aprotic solvents. SN2 stereochemistry |
SN2, SN1, E2, E1 (this revised handout differs somewhat from the older
version discussed in the video) |
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Organic chemistry: “SN2
and E2 topics”. How to determine whether a reaction will be SN2,
SN1, E2, or E1. Sulfonates; the “tosyl” (Ts, toluenesulfonyl)
group; “tosylate” (TsOR,
toluenesulfonate). How to rank compounds in order
of nucleophilicity. |
SN2, SN1, E2, E1 (this revised handout differs somewhat from the older
version discussed in the video) |
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Organic chemistry: “More on SN2, SN1, E2, and E1
reactions” |
Stereochemistry |
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SN2, SN1, E2, E1 (this revised handout differs somewhat from the older
version discussed in the video) |
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Organic chemistry: “Some SN2, SN1,
E2, and E1 topics”. Polar protic
vs. aprotic solvents. Carbocation
rearrangements. E2 and E1 regiochemistry (Zaitsev vs. Hofmann). Antiperiplanar
transition state for E2; E2 and cyclohexane |
SN2, SN1, E2, E1 (this revised handout differs somewhat from the older version
discussed in the video) |
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Organic chemistry: “Introduction
to Grignard reagents”. Reaction of Grignard reagents as
bases with protic solvents. Reaction of Grignards as nucleophiles with aldehydes and ketones.
Introduction to synthesis with Grignards. |
SN2, SN1, E2, E1 (this revised handout differs somewhat from the older
version discussed in the videos) |
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Organic chemistry: “Alcohol nomenclature” |
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Organic chemistry: “Alcohols,
oxidation, and reduction”. Oxidation of alcohols (PCC).
Reduction of aldehydes and ketones
with Grignards to form alcohols. Synthesis with Grignards. Reduction of aldehydes
with NaBH4 or LiAlH4 to form alcohols. |
Reduction and oxidation with alcohols |
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Organic chemistry:
“Alcohols”. Reaction of alcohols with acids and
bases. Oxidation and reduction involving alcohols—PCC, Grignard
reagents. |
SN2, SN1, E2, E1 (this revised handout differs somewhat from the older
version discussed in the video) |
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Reduction and oxidation with alcohols |
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Organic chemistry: “Grignards”. How to make Grignards and alkyl lithiums (organometallics). Reactions of Grignards
and alkyl lithiums (with protic
solvents, aldehydes and ketones,
and epoxides/oxacyclopropanes). Synthesis
problems—using radical halogenation, E2, SN2,
oxidation (PCC), and Grignards for synthesis. The
“retrosynthesis” technique for solving
synthesis problems. |
Radical halogenation of alkanes |
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SN2, SN1, E2, E1 (this revised handout differs somewhat from the older
version discussed in the video) |
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Reduction and oxidation with alcohols |
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Organic chemistry: “Organometallics”. Halogenation
of alcohols (PBr3, SOCl2). Organometallics (Grignards, alkyl lithiums, organocuprates). Using the retrosynthesis
technique to solve synthesis problems involving organocuprates
(Gilman reagents). |
SN2, SN1, E2, E1 (this revised handout differs somewhat from the older
version discussed in the videos) |
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R- and H- |
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Reduction and oxidation with alcohols |
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Organic chemistry: “Ethers”.
Ethers. Williamson ether synthesis (preparation of ethers via SN2);
retrosynthesis. Digression on how to remember the Brønsted-Lowry and Lewis definitions of acids and
bases. Cleavage of ethers with haloacid (HX).
Effect of positive formal charges on reactivity. Effect of acid or base on
reactivity. |
SN2, SN1, E2, E1 |
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Reactivity and arrow-pushing (these revised handouts differ somewhat from the older
versions discussed in the videos) |
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Organic chemistry: “Oxacyclopropanes, also known as epoxides”.
Oxacyclopropanes, also known as epoxides,
oxiranes, or ethylene oxides. Ring strain.
Synthesis of oxacyclopropanes with peroxycarboxylic acids (“peracids”)
such as peracetic acid or MCPBA. Acid-catalyzed
ring opening; ring opening with anionic nucleophiles;
ring opening with lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4). Diol (“glycol”) synthesis--anti dihydroxylation of an alkene
via hydrolysis of oxacyclopropane intermediate; syn dihydroxylation of an alkene with osmium tetroxide
(OsO4). Effect of a negative formal charge on reactivity. Regiochemistry of oxacyclopropane
ring opening—when does the nucleophile attack
the more substituted carbon and when does it attack the less substituted
carbon? |
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Organic chemistry: “Introduction
to proton NMR spectroscopy”. Introduction to proton NMR (nuclear
magnetic resonance) spectroscopy. Equivalent vs. nonequivalent hydrogens; chemical shift; integration; spin-spin
splitting. |
Proton NMR spectroscopy |
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Organic chemistry: “Another
introduction to proton NMR”. Introduction to proton NMR (nuclear
magnetic resonance) spectroscopy. Equivalent vs. nonequivalent hydrogens; chemical shift; integration; spin-spin
splitting. Degrees of unsaturation |
Proton NMR spectroscopy |
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Organic chemistry: “Proton NMR
problems”. Proton NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) problems |
NMR table and problems |
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Proton NMR spectroscopy |
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Organic chemistry: “Infrared spectroscopy
problems” |
Problems discussed in the videos |
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Organic chemistry: “Introduction
to mass spectrometry”. Mass spectrometry. Molecular/parent
ion; base peak. Carbon-13; bromine and chlorine isotopes. Fragmentation and
substitution |
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Organic chemistry: “Addition to alkenes: H2,
HX, H2O”. Alkene addition
reactions. Addition of H2 (hydrogenation). Electrophilic
additions: addition of HX (hydrohalogenation);
addition of H2SO4, H2O (hydration); addition
of H2SO4, ROH. Addition of HX in presence of ROOR (radical
addition using peroxide initiator). Regiochemistry:
Markovnikov vs. anti-Markovnikov |
Alkenes |
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SN2, SN1, E2, E1 |
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Reactivity and arrow-pushing |
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Organic chemistry: “Alkenes: hydrogenation; addition of HX”. Addition reactions
with alkenes: addition of H2 (hydrogenation); electrophilic
addition of HX (hydrohalogenation). Markovnikov vs. anti-Markovnikov. |
Alkenes |
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Organic chemistry: “Addition of
halogens (HX or X2) to alkenes”. Addition to alkenes.
Electrophilic addition of HX (halohydrogenation).
Addition of H2 (hydrogenation). Addition of HBr
with ROOR (radical addition). Addition of Br2 or Cl2 (halogenation). |
Reactivity and arrow-pushing |
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Alkenes |
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Organic chemistry: “Alkenes: addition of HBr, BH3, X2”. Alkene addition reactions. Addition of H2
(hydrogenation). Addition of HBr, with or without
peroxides. Addition of BH3 to get alcohols (hydroboration-oxidation).
Addition of X2. |
Alkenes |
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Reactivity and arrow-pushing |
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Organic chemistry: “Hydrogenation
and halogenation”. Alkene
addition reactions. Problems involving degrees of unsaturation
and hydrogenation (addition of H2). E/Z naming of alkenes.
Problems involving addition of X2 (halogenation).
Forming alkenes from alcohols via E1 (dehydration with H2SO4)
or E2. |
Problems discussed in this video series |
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SN2, SN1, E2, E1 |
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Organic chemistry: “Synthesis of alcohols from alkenes”. Alkene addition
reactions. Addition of HX, with or without peroxides. Addition of sulfuric
acid and water (hydration). Addition of BH3 (hydroboration-oxidation).
Oxymercuration-demercuration. Addition of X2
in alcohol. Creation of expoxides (oxacyclopropanes): from alkenes using MCPBA; from vicinal
haloalcohols with base. Ozonolysis. |
Alkenes |
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Reduction and oxidation with alcohols |
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Organic chemistry: “Dihydroxylation of alkenes”. Alkene addition reactions. Addition of OsO4
(osmium tetroxide) to achieve syn
dihydroxylation. Using epoxides
to achieve anti dihydroxylation. A synthesis
problem. The synthetic toolbox. When does steric
hindrance block one face of a trigonal planar
intermediate? |
Synthetic toolbox |
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Organic chemistry: “Synthesis
using addition to alkenes”. Some synthesis problems
involving alkenes and electrophilic addition. |
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Organic chemistry: “Alkyne synthesis and reactions”. Electronegativity of alkyne
carbons; acidity of alkynes; use of alkynyl anions
as nucleophiles for SN2 reactions and for attack on
oxacyclopropanes (epoxides).
Alkyne synthesis from dihaloalkanes
by double elimination; alkyne synthesis from
alkenes by halogenation-double dehydrohalogenation.
Alkyne reactions. Hydrogenation of alkynes;
hydrogenation of alkynes with Lindlar
catalyst to form cis alkenes; sequential
one-electron reduction of alkynes with sodium metal to form trans alkenes. Electrophilic addition of HX to alkynes; electrophilic addition of X2 to alkynes (halogenation). Enols; tautomerization; mercuric ion-catalyzed hydration of
alkynes to form ketones |
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Organic chemistry: “Radical halogenation reactions”. Radical halogenation
via radical chain mechanisms. Radical halogenation
of alkanes (a radical substitution reaction).
Radical allylic halogenation
using NBS (radical substitution). Radical addition of hydrogen bromide to
alkenes in the presence of peroxides (an anti-Markovnikov
addition). |
Radical halogenation of alkanes |
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Alkenes |
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Organic chemistry: “Synthesis
problems”. Single- and multi-step synthesis problems.
(First-semester final exam review session.) |
Problems discussed in the videos |
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SN2, SN1, E2, E1 |
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Synthetic toolbox |
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Organic chemistry: “Organic chemistry tips” |
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I recommend this
book:
I receive a referral fee for any items purchased via this link. |
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Organic chemistry: “Electrophilic
attack on conjugated dienes”. Conjugation.
UV-vis (ultraviolet-visible) spectroscopy. Electrophilic attack on conjugated dienes
(1,2- and 1,4-addition). |
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Organic chemistry: “Radical allylic halogenation”.
Radical allylic
halogenation using NBS (N-bromosuccinimide). |
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Organic chemistry: “A radical allylic halogenation problem”. A synthesis problem involving
radical allylic halogenation |
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Organic chemistry: “Conjugated pi molecular orbitals”. Pi molecular orbital diagrams for
conjugated systems. HOMO and LUMO |
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Organic chemistry: “Diels-Alder
reaction”. Diels-Alder reaction. Dienes,
dienophiles; s-cis,
s-trans; electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents;
“outside” vs. “inside” positions; “endo” vs. “exo”
approaches. Molecular orbital diagram for Diels-Alder transition state
(Frontier Molecular Orbital Theory); molecular orbital diagrams for endo vs. exo transition states. |
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Organic chemistry: “Retro
Diels-Alder reaction”. The Diels-Alder and retro Diels-Alder reactions. A synthesis problem. |
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Organic chemistry: “Electrocyclic reactions”. Electrocyclic reactions (a type of “pericyclic” reaction”). Woodward-Hoffmann selection
rules; conrotatory vs disrotatory. Molecular orbital explanation for the
selection rules, using Frontier Molecular Orbital Theory |
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Organic chemistry: “Huckel’s
rule: aromatic vs. antiaromatic”. Using Huckel’s rule to determine whether a molecule is
aromatic, antiaromatic, or nonaromatic |
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Organic chemistry: “Benzenes and
phenols”. Benzene nomenclature; “phenyl” vs.
“benzyl”; ortho, meta, and para. Phenol nomenclature. Acidity of phenols. Deprotonated phenols as nucleophiles;
preparation of alkyl aryl ethers using Williamson ether synthesis. Kolbe carboxylation. Hydrogenolysis
of benzylic ethers |
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Organic chemistry: “Electrophilic aromatic substitution”. Electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) of
benzene—halogenation, nitration, sulfonation, Friedel-Crafts
alkylation and alkanoylation. Electron-withdrawing
and electron-donating groups—activators vs
deactivators, ortho/para-directors vs.
meta-directors. |
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Organic chemistry: “Electrophilic
aromatic substitution problems” |
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Organic chemistry: “Synthetic
strategies for substituted benzenes”. Strategies for synthesizing substituted benzenes using electrophilic aromatic substitutions--interconversion
of nitro and amino substituents; interconversion of alkanoyl and
alkyl substituents, Clemmensen
reduction, disadvantages of Friedel-Crafts
alkylation (rearrangements and overalkylation);
reversible sulfonation as a blocking procedure;
moderating the activating power of amino and hydroxy
substituents. Arenediazonium
salts; Sandmeyer reactions; synthesis of phenol
from an arenediazonium salt. “Phenyl”
vs. “benzyl”; oxidation of benzylic
carbons to carboxylic acids with hot potassium permanganate (KMnO4) |
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Organic chemistry: “Nucleophilic aromatic substitution”. Nucleophilic aromatic substitution of benzene.
Substitution through benzyne intermediates. Summary
of methods for synthesis of phenols. Benzylic
oxidation to carboxylic acids; synthesis problems involving benzylic oxidation. Radical benzylic
halogenation |
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Organic chemistry: “Aldehydes and ketones. Acetals and ketals”. Nucleophilic attack on aldehydes
and ketones; the three main categories of nucleophilic attack. A category 1 reaction: attack by a Grignard to form an alcohol. A
category 2 reaction: attack by alcohol in acidic conditions to form an acetal or ketal. A category 2
“reverse” reaction: reaction of an acetal
or ketal with aqueous acid to form an aldehyde or ketone. How
treatment of reagents with acid or base affects reactivity |
Nucleophilic attack on aldehydes and ketones |
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Organic chemistry: “More on aldehydes and ketones”.
Nucleophilic attack on aldehydes
and ketones; the three main categories of nucleophilic attack. Two category 1 reactions: attack by
a Grignard to form an alcohol; attack by LAH to form an alcohol. A category 2
reaction: attack by alcohol in acidic conditions to form an acetal or ketal. A category 2
“reverse” reaction: reaction of an acetal
or ketal with aqueous acid to form an aldehyde or ketone |
Nucleophilic attack on aldehydes and ketones |
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Organic chemistry: “Aldehyde and ketone
problems”. Aldehyde/ketone nomenclature problems. Spectroscopy problems.
Hydration (nucleophilic addition of water to aldehydes and ketones to form geminal diols. Reactivity of aldehydes and ketones. Effects
of acid or base on reactivity. Mass spectrometry of aldehydes
and ketones; McLafferty
rearrangement. Nucleophilic addition of thiols to aldehydes and ketones to form thioacetals;
desulfurization of thioacetals with Raney nickel. |
Nucleophilic attack on aldehydes and ketones |
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Organic chemistry: “Attack of amines on aldehydes
and ketones”. Nucleophilic attack
by amines on aldehydes and ketones
to form imines (category 3) and enamines (category
4). Wolff-Kishner reduction. Nucleophilic
addition by hydrogen cyanide on aldehydes and ketones (category 1). The Wittig reaction (category 3);
how to make phosphorus ylides |
Nucleophilic attack on aldehydes and ketones |
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Organic chemistry: “Baeyer-Villiger oxidation”. Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of aldehydes
and ketones to form esters. Oxidation of aldehydes to form carboxylic acids |
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Organic chemistry: “Enols and tautomerism”.
Enols and enolates; tautomerism. Racemization at an
α-carbon; deuterium exchange at
an α-carbon. Enols
as nucleophiles; acid-catalyzed α-halogenation.
Boiling point of aldehydes and ketones |
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Organic chemistry: “Aldehydes, ketones, enolates”. Nucleophilic
attack on aldehydes and ketones;
acetals and ketals. Enolates. Ylides; Wittig
reaction. Mechanism problems. |
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Organic chemistry: “Aldol condensation”. Enolates.
Tautomerism between aldehydes
or ketones and enols. Aldol condensation |
Nucleophilic attack on aldehydes and ketones |
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Organic chemistry: “1,2-
and 1,4-addition”. 1,2-addition and 1,4-addition (“conjugate
addition”) to α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones. (This
video does not cover 1,2- or 1,4-addition to dienes; that material is covered in the video “Electrophilic attack on conjugated dienes”.) |
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Organic chemistry: “Michael
addition. Robinson annulation”.
Michael addition (conjugate addition of enolate
ions). Robinson annulation (Michael addition
followed by aldol condensation). |
Nucleophilic attack on aldehydes and ketones |
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Organic chemistry: “Naming aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids”. Nomenclature for aldehydes,
ketones, carboxylic acids, and ethers. General
names for the types of carboxylic acid derivatives |
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Organic chemistry: “Carboxylic
acids and acid derivatives”. Acidity of carboxylic acids;
ranking compounds in order of acidity. How to synthesize carboxylic acids:
oxidation; carbonation; nitrile hydrolysis. The
types of carboxylic acid derivative. The general pattern for nucleophilic attack on carboxylic acids and acid
derivatives (addition-elimination). Esterification.
Ranking carboxylic acids derivatives in order of reactivity |
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Organic chemistry: “Carboxylic
acids”. Acidity of carboxylic acids; ranking compounds in order
of acidity; acid/base reactions with carboxylic acids; extraction (laboratory
separation technique). Carbonation (reaction of Grignard reagent with carbon
dioxide to form carboxylic acid). Reduction of carboxylic acids with lithium
aluminum hydride (LiAlH4, or LAH) to form alcohols. Reaction of carboxylic
acids with SOCl2 (thionyl chloride) to
form acyl chlorides. Decarboxylation |
Reactivity and arrow-pushing (this revised handout differs somewhat from the older version discussed in the videos) |
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Organic chemistry: “Nomenclature
for carboxylic acid derivatives”. Nomenclature for acyl halides, anhydrides, esters, amides, nitriles. |
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Organic chemistry: “Carboxylic
acid derivatives”. Nucleophilic attack
on carboxylic acid derivatives, including hydrolysis, saponification,
transesterification. |
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Organic chemistry: “More on
carboxylic acid derivatives”. Nucleophilic
attack on carboxylic acid derivatives, including transesterification,
ester hydrolysis, attack by Grignards on esters,
amide hydrolysis |
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Organic chemistry: “Hydrolysis of
carboxylic acid derivatives”. Hydrolysis of carboxylic
acid derivatives (acyl halides, anhydrides, esters,
amides, and nitriles) to form carboxylic acids. Nucleophilic attack of alcohols and amines on carboxylic
acids and acid derivatives to form esters and amides. Lithium aluminum
hydride reduction of aldehydes and ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters to form alcohols |
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Organic chemistry: “Claisen condensation. 1,3-dicarbonyls”. Overview of nucleophilic
attacks on carboxylic acids and acid derivatives through the
addition-elimination mechanism. How to make 1,3-dicarbonyls through the Claisen condensation; the Dieckmann
condensation (intramolecular Claisen
condensation). Reactions of 1,3-dicarbonyls—acetoacetic
ester synthesis; malonic ester synthesis |
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Organic chemistry: “Reactions of enamines and enolates”.
Enamine formation through attack of secondary
amines on aldehydes and ketones;
enamines as nucleophiles;
alkylation of enamines; synthesis problems
involving enamines. Aldol
condensation; crossed aldol condensation; intramolecular aldol
condensation. Claisen condensation; intramolecular Claisen
condensation; crossed Claisen condensation; Claisen condensation as a route to ketones.
Acetoacetic ester synthesis; malonic
ester synthesis. Michael addition; Michael acceptors; Michael donors |
Nucleophilic attack on aldehydes and ketones |
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Organic chemistry: “Introduction
to amines”. Amine nomenclature. Nucleophilicity
and basicity of amines. Synthesis of amines—through
SN2, through lithium aluminum hydride (LAH) reduction of amides or
nitriles, through the Gabriel synthesis, or through
reductive amination. Overview of LAH
reductions—of aldehydes and ketones, of carboxylic acids, of esters, of amides, and
of nitriles. |
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Organic chemistry: “Basicity
of aliphatic and aromatic amines” |
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Organic chemistry:
“Carbohydrates”. Carbohydrates (sugars). D vs. L
sugars; epimers. Ring formation; |
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Organic chemistry: “Introduction
to amino acids and peptides”. Biochemistry. How to draw amino
acids. Acid/base properties of amino acids. Finding net charge of amino acids
and peptides (proteins) at a specified pH. pI of
amino acids and peptides. Peptide (amide) bonds. Amino acid sequencing with
partial digestion by proteolytic enzymes such as trypsin. Total acid hydrolysis (TAH) |
Amino acid table |
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Problem discussed in videos |
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Organic chemistry: “Amino acids
and peptides”. Biochemistry--amino acids, peptides, and
polypeptide sequencing. Acid/base properties of amino acids. How to draw
amino acids at various pH’s. How to determine pI
of a peptide; zwitterion. Acylation
of the N-terminus; conversion of the C-terminus into an amide. Total acid
hydrolysis (TAH). Sanger’s reagent and Dansyl
chloride. Hydrazine (NH2NH2). Proteolytic
enzymes--chymotrypsin, trypsin,
thermolysin. A polypeptide sequencing problem |
Amino acid table |
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Problems discussed in videos |
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Organic chemistry: “Amino acid and
polypeptide synthesis”. Amino acid synthesis--Gabriel
synthesis; Strecker synthesis. Edman
degradation. Polypeptide synthesis--Cbz (carbobenzoxy) and Boc (tert-butoxycarbonyl) amino-protecting groups; protection
of the carboxy terminus via ester formation; DCC (dicyclohexylcarbodiimide) carboxy-activating
reagent. An example of calculating pI and charge at
a specific pH for a long polypeptide |
Amino acid table |
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Video descriptions |
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Document descriptions |
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Math: “Scientific notation”. Scientific notation. How to convert numbers in scientific notation into regular notation, and how to convert numbers in regular notation into scientific notation. How to interpret and compare numbers written in scientific notation. The concept of "orders of magnitude". How to use scientific notation on a calculator. How to do calculations involving scientific notation without a calculator |
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Trigonometry:
“Sine, cosine, and the unit circle”. How to use the unit
circle to remember values of sine and cosine for certain reference angles. |
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Calculus: “Percentage growth rates. Elasticity of
demand”. Calculating
the percentage growth rate; calculating the percentage growth rate using a
logarithmic derivative. Elasticity of demand; relation between elasticity of
demand and revenue |
Problems discussed in the videos |
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Calculus: “The chain rule for antidifferentiation”.
The chain rule for antidifferentiation, also known
as the inverse chain rule |
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Calculus: “First-semester calculus final exam
review”. First-semester calculus final exam review session. Evaluating a limit. Quotient Rule for
derivatives. Chain rule. Implicit differentiation. A 57th-order
derivative. L'Hôpital's rule. Minimizing a
function (First Derivative and Second Derivative Tests). |
Problems discussed in the videos |
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Video descriptions |
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Document descriptions |
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Biology: “Mendelian
genetics”. Mendelian
genetics. A Mendelian genetics problem, using a Punnett square. Law of segregation. Law of independent
assortment. Exception to the law of independent assortment: linked genes.
Crossing over. Wild type vs. mutant phenotype (Morgan notation);
true-breeding plants |
Problems discussed in the videos |
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